Ronald Gray

Professor
William G. Robertson Jr. Professor in Population and Family Planning

Academic Degrees

1965: MBBS Honors, University of Sydney (Equivalent to US M.D.); MSc University of London

School/Organization
Bloomberg School of Public Health

Department / Division
Population, Family and Reproductive Health

Joint Departmental Affiliations
Epidemiology, International Health

Center and Institute Affiliations
Center for AIDS Research

Departmental Address
615 N. Wolfe Street, Room E4132
Baltimore, MD 21205

Email: rgray@jhsph.edu
Phone: 410-955-7818
Fax: 410-614-7386

Research and Professional Experience

• Reproductive health including HIV and STD control, maternal and child health, family planning, cervical cancer screening, determinants of HIV/STD risk. Cohort studies, randomized controlled trials.

Honors and Awards

• Commonwealth Medical Scholarship, 1960-1965
• Government of Israel Volunteer Medal, 1967
• Commonwealth Post Graduate Fellowship, 1970-1971
• JHU SHPH Golden Apple Award for Teaching, 1985
• Robertson Professorship, 2002

Research Projects
A Randomized, controlled trial of Acyclovir prophylaxis versus placebo among HIV/HSV-2 co-infected individuals (through the Rakai Health Sciences Program)
Interventions that slow HIV-1 disease progression among persons with CD4+ counts above 250 cells/µL could postpone the need for antiretroviral therapy (ART) and prolong life-expectancy for HIV-infected persons. Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) has been shown to up-regulate HIV-1 replication...

ARV effects on HIV epidemiology & behaviors, Rakai Uganda (through the Rakai Health Sciences Program)
The provision of HIV antiretroviral (ARV) therapy in Africa will have beneficial health and social effects, but will present many challenges. Since the drugs are now being initiated in Uganda, we have a narrow window of opportunity to assess the population-level impact of ARVs on HIV transmission...

Association of Malaria and HIV-1 RNA in Blood of Adults in Rakai, Uganda
Malaria and HIV are among the most prevalent infectious diseases in sub-Saharan Africa and co-infections are common. HIV-associated immunosuppression increases the prevalence and severity of malaria and malaria is in turn associated with an increase in viral load in pregnant women. Malaria and...

Chronic kidney disease related to HIV in Uganda
The goal of this project is to assess the frequency and impact of chronic kidney disease in HIV-infected and HIV-seronegative people in the Rakai district of Uganda

Circumcision: HIV/STIs and behaviors in a RCT and post-RCT surveillance; Rakai Community Cohort Study
Three randomized trials, including one which is the basis for this proposal, and numerous observational studies demonstrate that male circumcision reduces male HIV acquisition. We conducted an NIH-funded trial of male circumcision for HIV prevention in rural Rakai, Uganda. 5000 HIV-negative male...

Community Opinion Leader Trial Rakai-Uganda (through the Rakai Health Sciences Program)
No description

Effects of Male Circumcision (MC) in the Community, with Nested Clinical Research
To assess the effects of male circumcision (MC) program roll out on HIV incidence in communities, on MC acceptance by men and women, and on behaviors in men and women. Nested research includes studies on post-MC surgical wound healing, post-surgical HIV shedding in HIV+ men who request and...

Evaluation of a pilot cluster-randomized mobile phone intervention used by peer educators in a rural antiretroviral care program in Rakai, Uganda (through the Rakai Health Sciences Program)
To evaluate the feasibility of mobile phone technology used by peer educators as a strategy to facilitate communication and improve HIV care in a rural, resource-limited setting.

Host Genetic Epidemiology in HIV-1 Discordant African Couples and Other Cohorts
Human genetic polymorphism influences the occurrence and evolution of HIV-1 infection. This project addresses the Office of AIDS Research 2007 goal of identifying genetic factors that explain highly variable responses to the infection and its sequelae. Genetic determinants will be studied...

International Studies Of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
HIV/AIDS is a global pandemic with nearly 40 million individuals living with HIV infection worldwide. The objectives of this project are to define the unique epidemiological, clinical, virologic, and immunologic features of HIV infection in developing countries, to determine the viral kinetics...

International Training And Research In Population And Health
This grant from the Fogarty Foundation supports in-country and international training for Ugandan scientists. A five-year competing renewal was submitted in February, 2006, and funding decisions should be available by September.

Laboratory support for Rakai Program research activities (through the Rakai Health Sciences Program)
The Rakai Program has been designated as one of only three Intramural Program International Center for Excellence in Researh (ICER) world-wide. The award provides ongoing laboratory support (equipment, technical assistance, supplies) for Rakai research priorities, and fosters collaboration...

Natural history of chronic kidney disease in HIV-infected and HIV-seronegative individuals in Rakai, Uganda
In the US there is a striking racial disparity in the risk of end-stage renal disease among HIV-infected people: the incidence in blacks that is approximately 50-times higher than that in whites. However, little is known about the epidemiology and implications of kidney disease (KD) among HIV...

NIH/Johns Hopkins Bench to Bedside Project: Hepatitis B and HIV Co-Infection
The NIH Bench to Bedside program provides a unique opportunity to develop a systematic research program to improve understanding and management of HIV and hepatitis B (HBV) co-infection, from ‘bench’ to ‘bedside’ to ‘bush’. Building on the existing NIH/NIAID International Center for Excellence in...

Post-trial surveillance, male circumcision for HIV prevention (through the Rakai Health Sciences Program)
To conduct post-trial surveillance in men enrolled into a randomized controlled trial of male circumcision for HIV prevention in HIV-negative men. For more information on the Rakai Health Sciences Program, please visit our website: www.jhsph.edu/rakai/

Rakai Health Sciences Program
Established in 1988 as the Rakai Project, the program changed its name in 2004 to Rakai Health Sciences Program. This is a result of increased and diversified activities taking place under the program umbrella. In its initial years, the program focused on HIV/AIDS research in the community,...

Reducing Global Inequities in Burden of Disease
The Johns Hopkins University has a long history of engagement with global health issues and has one of the largest programs of its kind in the world. It is an intensely collaborative environment across disciplines, departments, and schools where faculty routinely engage in multidisciplinary...

SOLiD- Uganda
The Study of Liver Diseases in Uganda (SOLiD-Uganda) represents a consortium of investigators from Makere University, Mulago Hospital, the Rakai Health Sciences Program in Uganda and from Hopkins, NIAID, and UT-Southwestern in the US. Through a series of projects, our aim is to characterize the...

Viral and immunologic factors contributing to the lack of HIV transmission among couples (through the Rakai Health Sciences Program)
Understanding the factors that contribute to the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is of great importance for the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies. Evidence suggests that a number of host immunologic and virologic factors play critical roles in...



Selected Publications

• Gray RR, Tatem AJ, Lamers S, Hou W, Laeyendecker O, Serwadda D, Serwankambo N, Gray RH, Wawer M, Quinn TC, Goodenow MM, Salemi M. Spatial phylodynamics of HIV-1 epidemic emergence in east Africa. AIDS. 2009 Jul 29. [Epub ahead of print]
• Wawer MJ, Makumbi F, Kigozi G, Serwadda D, Watya S, Nalugoda F, Buwembo D, Ssempijja V, Kiwanuka N, Moulton LH, Sewankambo NK, Reynolds SJ, Quinn TC, Opendi P, Iga B, Ridzon R, Laeyendecker O, Gray RH. Circumcision in HIV-infected men and its effect on HIV transmission to female partners in Rakai, Uganda: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009 Jul 18;374(9685):229-37.
• Johnson KE, Sherman ME, Ssempiija V, Tobian AA, Zenilman JM, Duggan MA, Kigozi G, Serwadda D, Wawer MJ, Quinn TC, Rabkin CS, Gray RH. Foreskin inflammation is associated with HIV and herpes simplex virus type-2 infections in Rakai, Uganda. AIDS. 2009 Jul 3. [Epub ahead of print]
• Mehta SD, Gray RH, Auvert B, Moses S, Kigozi G, Taljaard D, Puren A, Agot K, Serwadda D, Parker CB, Wawer MJ, Bailey RC. Does sex in the early period after circumcision increase HIV-seroconversion risk? Pooled analysis of adult male circumcision clinical trials. AIDS. 2009 Jul 31;23(12):1557-64.
• Nalugoda F, Wagman J, Kiddugavu M, Kiwanuka N, Garrett E, Gray RH, Serwadda D, Wawer MJ, Emanuel EJ. Is there coercion or undue inducement to participate in health research in developing countries? An example from Rakai, Uganda. J Clin Ethics. 2009 Summer;20(2):141-9.
• Gray RH. Methodologies for evaluating HIV prevention intervention (populations and epidemiologic settings). Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2009 Jul;4(4):274-8. Review.
• Kigozi G, Lukabwe I, Kagaayi J, Wawer MJ, Nantume B, Kigozi G, Nalugoda F, Kiwanuka N, Wabwire-Mangen F, Serwadda D, Ridzon R, Buwembo D, Nabukenya D, Watya S, Lutalo T, Nkale J, Gray RH. Sexual satisfaction of women partners of circumcised men in a randomized trial of male circumcision in Rakai, Uganda. BJU Int. 2009 Jun 12. PMID: 19522862
• Gray RH. Infectious disease: Male circumcision for preventing HPV infection. Nat Rev Urol. 2009 Jun;6(6):298-9. PMID: 19498404
• Reynolds SJ, Nakigozi G, Newell K, Ndyanabo A, Galiwongo R, Boaz I, Quinn TC, Gray R, Wawer M, Serwadda D. Failure of immunologic criteria to appropriately identify antiretroviral treatment failure in Uganda. AIDS. 2009 Mar 27;23(6):697-700.
• Tobian AA, Ssempijja V, Kigozi G, Oliver AE, Serwadda D, Makumbi F, Nalugoda FK, Iga B, Reynolds SJ, Wawer MJ, Quinn TC, Gray RH. Incident HIV and herpes simplex virus type 2 infection among men in Rakai, Uganda. Tobian AIDS. 2009 May 25. PMID: 19474649
• Kiggundu V, Watya S, Kigozi G, Serwadda D, Nalugoda F, Buwembo D, Settuba A, Anyokorit M, Nkale J, Kighoma N, Ssempijja V, Wawer M, Gray RH. The number of procedures required to achieve optimal competency with male circumcision: findings from a randomized trial in Rakai, Uganda. BJU Int. 2009 Apr 17. PMID: 19389002
• Redd AD, Dabitao D, Bream JH, Charvat B, Laeyendecker O, Kiwanuka N, Lutalo T, Kigozi G, Tobian AA, Gamiel J, Neal JD, Oliver AE, Margolick JB, Sewankambo N, Reynolds SJ, Wawer MJ, Serwadda D, Gray RH, Quinn TC. Microbial translocation, the innate cytokine response, and HIV-1 disease progression in Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Apr 21;106(16):6718-23.
• Eshleman SH, Laeyendecker O, Parkin N, Huang W, Chappey C, Paquet AC, Serwadda D, Reynolds SJ, Kiwanuka N, Quinn TC, Gray R, Wawer M. Antiretroviral drug susceptibility among drug-naive adults with recent HIV infection in Rakai, Uganda. AIDS. 2009 Apr 27;27(7):845-52. PMCID: PMC2676205
• Suntoke TR, Hardick A, Tobian AA, Mpoza B, Laeyendecker O, Serwadda D, Opendi P, Gaydos CA, Gray RH, Wawer MJ, Quinn TC, Reynolds SJ. Evaluation of multiplex real-time PCR for detection of Haemophilus ducreyi, Treponema pallidum, herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 in the diagnosis of genital ulcer disease in the Rakai District, Uganda. Sex Transm Infect. 2009 Apr;85(2):97-101. Epub 2008 Dec 9. PMCID: PMC2692240
• Ruark A, Shelton JD, Halperin DT, Wawer MJ, Gray RH. Universal voluntary HIV testing and immediate antiretroviral therapy. Lancet. 2009 Mar 28;373(9669):1078; author reply 1080-1. No abstract available. PMID: 19328994
• Tobian AA, Serwadda D, Quinn TC, Kigozi G, Gravitt PE, Laeyendecker O, Charvat B, Ssempijja V, Riedesel M, Oliver AE, Nowak RG, Moulton LH, Chen MZ, Reynolds SJ, Wawer MJ, Gray RH. Male circumcision for the prevention of HSV-2 and HPV infections and syphilis.N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 26;360(13):1298-309. PMCID: PMC2676895
• Tobian AA, Charvat B, Ssempijja V, Kigozi G, Serwadda D, Makumbi F, Iga B, Laeyendecker O, Riedesel M, Oliver A, Chen MZ, Reynolds SJ, Wawer MJ, Gray RH, Quinn TC. Factors Associated with the Prevalence and Incidence of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection among Men in Rakai, Uganda. J Infect Dis. 2009 Feb 16. MS 105526
• Polis CB, Lutalo T, Wawer M, Serwadda D, Kigozi G, Nalugoda F, Kiwanuka N, Gray R. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. Coerced sexual debut and lifetime abortion attempts among women in Rakai, Uganda. 2009 Feb;104(2):105-9.
• Sagar M, Laeyendecker O, Lee S, Gamiel J, Wawer MJ, Gray RH, Serwadda D, Sewankambo NK, Shepherd JC, Toma J, Huang W, Quinn TC. Selection of HIV variants with signature genotypic characteristics during heterosexual transmission. J Infect Dis. 2009 Feb 15;199(4):580-9. PMID: 19143562
• Gray RH, Wawer MJ, Serwadda D, Kigozi G. The role of male circumcision in the prevention of human papillomavirus and HIV infection. J Infect Dis. 2009 Jan 1;199(1):1-3. No abstract available. PMID: 19086812
• Wagman J, Baumgartner JN, Geary CW, Nakyanjo N, Ddaaki WG, Serwadda D, Gray R, Nalugoda FK, Wawer MJ. Experiences of Sexual Coercion Among Adolescent Women: Qualitative Findings From Rakai District, Uganda. J Interpers Violence. 2008 Dec 24.
• Kagaayi J, Gray RH, Brahmbhatt H, Kigozi G, Nalugoda F, Wabwire-Mangen F, Serwadda D, Sewankambo N, Ddungu V, Ssebagala D, Sekasanvu J, Kigozi G, Makumbi F, Kiwanuka N, Lutalo T, Reynolds SJ, Wawer MJ. Survival of infants born to HIV-positive mothers, by feeding modality, in Rakai, Uganda. PLoS One. 2008;3(12):e3877. Epub 2008 Dec 9. PMCID: PMC2588542
• Gray, Ronald H, Serwadda D, Kigozi G, Wawer, Maria J. “Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention.” HIV Prevention - A Comprehensive Approach. Ed. Kenneth H. Mayer and H.F. Pizer. 2008.146-166.
• Gray RH, Kigozi G, Serwadda D, Makumbi F, Nalugoda F, Watya S, Moulton L, Chen MZ, Sewankambo NK, Kiwanuka N, Sempijja V, Lutalo T, Kagayii J, Wabwire-Mangen F, Ridzon R, Bacon M, Wawer MJ. The effects of male circumcision on female partners' genital tract symptoms and vaginal infections in a randomized trial in Rakai, Uganda. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Oct 29.
• Gray RH, Wawer MJ. Control of sexually transmitted infections for HIV prevention - Authors' reply. Lancet. 2008 Oct 11;372(9646):1297-1298.
• Gray RH, Wawer MJ. Reassessing the hypothesis on STI control for HIV prevention. Lancet. 2008 Jun 21;371(9630):2064-5.
• Safaeian M, Kiddugavu M, Gravitt PE, Gange SJ, Ssekasanvu J, Murokora D, Sklar M, Serwadda D, Wawer MJ, Shah KV, Gray R. Determinants of incidence and clearance of high-risk human papillomavirus infections in rural Rakai, Uganda. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008 Jun;17(6):1300-7.
• Safaeian M, Kiduggavu M, Gravitt PE, Gange SJ, Ssekasanvu J, Murokora D, Sklar M, Serwada D, Wawer MJ, Shah KV, Gray R. Prevalence and risk factors for carcinogenic human papillomavirus infections in rural Rakai, Uganda. Sex Transm Infect. Aug;84(4):306-11. Epub 2008 Apr 2.
• Kigozi G, Gray RH, Wawer MJ, Serwadda D, Makumbi F, Watya S, Nalugoda F, Kiwanuka N, Moulton LH, Chen MZ, Sewankambo NK, Wabwire-Mangen F, Bacon MC, Ridzon R, Opendi P, Sempijja V, Settuba A, Buwembo D, Kiggundu V, Anyokorit M, Nkale J, Kighoma N, Charvat B. The Safety of Adult Male Circumcision in HIV-Infected and Uninfected Men in Rakai, Uganda. PLoS Med. 2008 Jun 3;5(6):e116.
• Godfrey Kigozi, Stephen Watya, Chelsea B. Polis, Denis Buwembo, Valerian Kiggundu, Maria J. Wawer, David Serwadda, Fred Nalugoda, Noah Kiwanuka, Melanie C. Bacon, Victor Ssempijja, Frederick Makumbi and Ronald H. Gray. The effect of male circumcision on sexual satisfaction and function, results from a randomized trial of male circumcision for human immunodeficiency virus prevention, Rakai, Uganda BJU International 101, 1, 2008, 65-70.
• Grady C, Wagman J, Ssekubugu R, Wawer MJ, Serwadda D, Kiddugavu M, Nalugoda F, Gray RH, Wendler D, Dong Q, Dixon DO, Townsend B, Wahl E, Emanuel EJ. Research benefits for hypothetical HIV vaccine trials: The views of Ugandans in the Rakai District. IRB. 2008 Mar-Apr;30(2):1-7.
• Brahmbhatt H, Sullivan D, Kigozi G, Askin F, Wabwire-Mangenm F, Serwadda D, Sewankambo N, Wawer M, Gray R. Association of HIV and malaria with mother-to-child transmission, birth outcomes, and child mortality. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008 Apr 1;47(4):472-6.
• Gray RH, Wawer MJ, Kigozi G, Serwadda D. Commentary: Disease modeling to inform policy on male circumcision for HIV prevention. Int J Epidemiol. 2008 May 9.
• Gray RH, Wawer MJ, Polis CB, Kigozi G, Serwadda D. Male Circumcision and Prevention of HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2008 May;10(2):121-7.
• Chang LW, Kagaayi J, Nakigozi G, Galiwango R, Mulamba J, Ludigo J, Ruwangula A, Gray RH, Quinn TC, Bollinger RC, Reynolds SJ. Telecommunications and Health Care: An HIV/AIDS Warmline for Communication and Consultation in Rakai, Uganda. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic Ill). 2008 Sep;7(3):130-2. Epub 2008 Apr 25.
• Gamiel JL, Tobian AA, Laeyendecker OB, Reynolds SJ, Morrow RA, Serwadda D, Gray RH, Quinn TC. Improved performance of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and the effect of human immunodeficiency virus coinfection on the serologic detection of herpes simplex virus type 2 in Rakai, Uganda. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2008 May;15(5):888-90.
• Chang LW, Kagaayi J, Nakigozi G, Packer AH, Serwadda D, Quinn TC, Gray RH, Bollinger RC, Reynolds SJ. Responding to the human resource crisis: peer health workers, mobile phones, and HIV care in Rakai, Uganda. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2008 Mar;22(3):173-4.
• Kiwanuka N, Laeyendecker O, Robb M, Kigozi G, Arroyo M, McCutchan F, Eller LA, Eller M, Makumbi F, Birx D, Wabwire-Mangen F, Serwadda D, Sewankambo NK, Quinn TC, Wawer M, Gray R. Effect of human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 (HIV-1) subtype on disease progression in persons from Rakai, Uganda, with incident HIV-1 infection. J Infect Dis. 2008 Mar 1;197(5):707-13
• Lutalo T, Gray RH, Wawer M, Sewankambo N, Serwadda D, Laeyendecker O, Kiwanuka N, Nalugoda F, Kigozi G, Ndyanabo A, Bwanika JB, Reynolds SJ, Quinn T, Opendi P. Survival of HIV-infected treatment-naive individuals with documented dates of seroconversion in Rakai, Uganda. AIDS. 2007 Nov;21 Suppl 6:S15-9.
• Zablotska IB, Gray RH, Koenig MA, Serwadda D, Nalugoda F, Kigozi G, Sewankambo N, Lutalo T, Mangen FW, Wawer M. Alcohol Use, Intimate Partner Violence, Sexual Coercion and HIV among Women Aged 15-24 in Rakai, Uganda. AIDS Behav. 2007 Dec 7. [Epub ahead of print].
• Gray RH, Wawer MJ. Randomised trials of HIV prevention. Lancet. 2007 Jul 21;370(9583):200-1.
• Gray RH, Makumbi F, Serwadda D, Lutalo T, Nalugoda F, Opendi P, Kigozi G, Reynolds SJ, Sewankambo NK, Wawer MJ. Limitations of rapid HIV-1 tests during screening for trials in Uganda: diagnostic test accuracy study. BMJ. 2007 Jul 28;335(7612):188. Epub 2007 Jun 1.
• Matovu JK, Ssempijja V, Makumbi FE, Gray RH, Kigozi G, Nalugoda F, Serwadda D, Wawer MJ. Sexually transmitted infection management, safer sex promotion and voluntary HIV counselling and testing in the male circumcision trial, Rakai, Uganda. Reprod Health Matters. 2007 May;15(29):68-74.
• Kagaayi J, Makumbi F, Nakigozi G, Wawer MJ, Gray RH, Serwadda D, Reynolds SJ.
• WHO HIV clinical staging or CD4 cell counts for antiretroviral therapy eligibility assessment? An evaluation in rural Rakai district, Uganda. AIDS. 2007 May 31;21(9):1208-10.
• Kagulire SC, Stamper PD, Opendi P, Nakavuma JL, Mills LA, Makumbi F, Gray RH, Serwadda D, Reynolds SJ. Performance of two commercial immunochromatographic assays for rapid detection of antibodies specific to human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 in serum and urine samples in a rural community-based research setting (Rakai, Uganda). Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2007 Jun;14(6):738-40. Epub 2007 Apr 11.
• Gray RH, Li X, Kigozi G, Serwadda D, Nalugoda F, Watya S, Reynolds SJ, Wawer M.
• The impact of male circumcision on HIV incidence and cost per infection prevented: a stochastic simulation model from Rakai, Uganda. AIDS. 2007 Apr 23;21(7):845-50.
• Gray RH, Kigozi G, Serwadda D, Makumbi F, Watya S, Nalugoda F, Kiwanuka N, Moulton LH, Chaudhary MA, Chen MZ, Sewankambo NK, Wabwire-Mangen F, Bacon MC, Williams CF, Opendi P, Reynolds SJ, Laeyendecker O, Quinn TC, Wawer MJ. Male circumcision for HIV prevention in men in Rakai, Uganda: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2007 Feb 24;369(9562):657-66.
• Nguyen RH, Gange SJ, Wabwire-Mangen F, Sewankambo NK, Serwadda D, Wawer MJ, Quinn TC, Gray RH. Reduced fertility among HIV-infected women associated with viral load in Rakai district, Uganda. Int J STD AIDS. 2006 Dec;17(12):842-6.
• Gray RH, Serwadda D, Wawer MJ. Empirical observations underestimate the proportion of HIV infections attributable to sexually transmitted diseases in Mwanza and Rakai STD treatment trials: simulation results. Sex Transm Dis. 2007 Jan;34(1):61; author reply 62.
• Sekirime WK, Gray R. HIV Infection among Uganda Women with Cervical Cancer: a Retrospective Study. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2007;63:222-228.
• Gray, RH, Serwadda D, Kigozi G, Nalugoda F, Wawer MJ. Uganda’s HIV Prevention Success. The Role of Sexual Behavior Change and the National Response. Commentary on Green et al (2006). AIDS and Behavior. Vol. 10, No. 4, July 2006:347-350.
• Matovu JK, Gray RH, Kiwanuka N, Kigozi G, Wabwire-Mangen F, Nalugoda F, Serwadda D, Sewankambo NK, Wawer MJ. Repeat voluntary HIV counseling and testing (VCT), sexual risk behavior and HIV incidence in Rakai, Uganda. AIDS Behav. 2007 Jan;11(1):71-8. Epub 2006 Oct 3.
• Rexroad VE, Parsons TL, Hamzeh FM, Li X, Dreyfuss ML, Stamper PD, Gray RH. Stability of nevirapine suspension in prefilled oral syringes used for reduction of mother-to-child HIV transmission. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006 Nov 1;43(3):373-5.
• Arroyo MA, Sateren WB, Serwadda D, Gray RH, Wawer MJ, Sewankambo NK, Kiwanuka N, Kigozi G, Wabwire-Mangen F, Eller M, Eller LA, Birx DL, Robb ML, McCutchan FE. Higher HIV-1 incidence and genetic complexity along main roads in Rakai District, Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006 Dec 1;43(4):440-5.
• Arroyo MA, Sateren WB, Serwadda D, Gray RH, Wawer MJ, Sewankambo NK, Kiwanuka N, Kigozi G, Wabwire-Mangen F, Eller M, Eller LA, Birx DL, Robb ML, McCutchan FE. Higher HIV-1 incidence and genetic complexity along main roads in Rakai District, Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006 Dec 1;43(4):440-5.
• Zablotska IB, Gray RH, Serwadda D, Nalugoda F, Kigozi G, Sewankambo, Lutalo T, Wabwire-Mangen F, Wawer M. Alcohol use before sex and HIV acquisition: a longitudinal study in Rakai, Uganda. AIDS. 2006 May 12;20(8):1191-6.
• Brahmbhatt H, Kigozi G, F Wabwire. D Serwadda, T Lutalo, F Nalugoda, N Sewankambo, M Kiduggavu, M Wawer, R Gray. Mortality in HIV-infected and uninfected children of HIV-infected and uninfected mothers in rural Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2006: 41: 504-8.
• Mast TC, Kigozi G, Wabwire-Mangen F, Sewankambo N, Serwadda, D, Gray, R, Wawer M, Black, R. Immunization coverage among children born to HIV-infected women in Rakai district, Uganda: effect of voluntary testing and counseling. AIDS Care, Month 2006; 18(7):1-9.
• Spacek LA, Gray RH, Wawer MJ, Sewankambo NK, Serwadda D, Wabwire-Mangen F, Kiwanuka N, Kigozi G, Nalugoda F, Quinn TC; Rakai Project Study Group. Clinical illness as a marker for initiation of HIV antiretroviral therapy in a rural setting, Rakai, Uganda. Int J STD AIDS. 2006 Feb;17(2):116-20.
• Nguyen RH, Gange SJ, Serwadda D, Kigozi G, Kiwanuka N, Sewankambo NK,
• Wabwire-Mangen F, Quinn TC, Wawer M, Gray RH. Screening HIV-positive pregnant women for antiretroviral therapy: utility of self-reported symptoms. Int J STD AIDS. 2006 Feb; 17(2):112-5.
• Wawer MJ, Serwadda D, Quinn TC, Sewankambo N, Kiwanuka N, Li X, Gray RH. Reply to Hayes and White. J Infect Dis. 2006 Feb 15; 193(4):605-6.
• Gray RH, Sewankambo NK, Wawer MJ, Serwadda D, Kiwanuka N, Lutalo T. Disclosure of HIV status on informed consent forms presents an ethical dilemma for protection of human subjects. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006 Feb 1;41(2):246-8.
• Wawer MJ, Reynolds SJ, Serwadda D, Kigozi G, Kiwanuka N, Gray RH. Might male circumcision be more protective against HIV in the highly exposed? An immunological hypothesis. AIDS. 2005 Dec 2; 19(18):2181-2.
• Singer DE, Kiwanuka N, Serwadda D, Nalugoda F, Hird L, Bulken-Hoover J,
• Kigozi G, Malia JA, Calero EK, Sateren W, Robb ML, Wabwire-Mangen F, Wawer M, Gray RH, Sewankambo N, Birx DL, Michael NL. Use of stored serum from Uganda for development and evaluation of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 testing algorithm involving multiple rapid immunoassays. J Clin Microbiol. 2005 Oct;43(10):5312-5.
• Wawer, MJ, Serwadda, D, Quinn T, Sewankambo N, Kiwanuka, N, Li X, Gray RH. Reply to Gisselquist and Potterat. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2005; 192:1499–500.
• Gray RH, Li X, Kigozi G, Serwadda D, Brahmbhatt H, Wabwire-Mangen F, Nalugoda F, Kiddugavu M, Sewankambo N, Quinn TC, Reynolds SJ, Wawer MJ. Increased risk of incident HIV during pregnancy in Rakai, Uganda: a prospective study. Lancet. 2005 Oct 1;366(9492):1182-8.
• Makumbi FE, Gray RH, Serwadda D, Nalugoda F, Kiddugavu M, Sewankambo NK, Wabwire-Mangen F, Wawer MJ. The incidence and prevalence of orphanhood associated with parental HIV infection: a population-based study in Rakai, Uganda. AIDS. 2005 Oct 14;19(15):1669-76.
• Wawer MJ, Gray RH, Sewankambo NK, Serwadda D, Li X, Laeyendecker O, Kiwanuka N, Kigozi G, Kiddugavu M, Lutalo T, Nalugoda F, Wabwire-Mangen F, Meehan MP, Quinn TC. Rates of HIV-1 transmission per coital act, by stage of HIV-1 infection, in Rakai, Uganda. J Infect Dis. 2005 May 1;191(9):1403-9. Epub 2005 Mar 30.
• Kagaayi J, Dreyfuss ML, Kigozi G, Chen MZ, Wabwire-Mangen F, Serwadda D,Wawer MJ, Sewankambo NK, Nalugoda F, Kiwanuka N, Kiddugavu M, Gray RH. Maternal Self-Medication and Provision of Nevirapine to Newborns by Women in Rakai, Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005 May 1;39(1):121-124.
• Matovu JK, Gray RH, Makumbi F, Wawer MJ, Serwadda D, Kigozi G, Sewankambo NK, Nalugoda F. Voluntary HIV counseling and testing acceptance, sexual risk behavior and HIV incidence in Rakai, Uganda. AIDS. 2005 Mar 25; 19(5):503-511.
• Korenromp EL, White RG, Orroth KK, Bakker R, Kamali A, Serwadda D, Gray RH,
• Grosskurth H, Habbema JD, Hayes RJ. Determinants of the impact of sexually transmitted infection treatment on prevention of HIV infection: a synthesis of evidence from the Mwanza, Rakai, and Masaka intervention trials. J Infect Dis. 2005 Feb 1;191 Suppl 1:S168-78.
• Kiddugavu MG, Kiwanuka N, Wawer MJ, Serwadda D, Sewankambo NK, Wabwire-Mangen F, Makumbi F, Li X, Reynolds SJ, Quinn TC, Gray RH; the Rakai Study Group. Effectiveness of syphilis treatment using azithromycin and/or benzathine penicillin in Rakai, Uganda. Sex Transm Dis. 2005 Jan;32(1):1-6.
• White RG, Orroth KK, Korenromp EL, Bakker R, Wambura M, Sewankambo NK, Gray RH, Kamali A, Whitworth JA, Grosskurth H, Habbema JD, Hayes RJ. Can Population Differences Explain the Contrasting Results of the Mwanza, Rakai, and Masaka HIV/Sexually Transmitted Disease Intervention Trials?: A Modeling Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004 Dec 1;37(4):1500-1513.
• Porter L, Hao L, Bishai D, Serwadda D, Wawer MJ, Lutalo T, Gray R; Rakai Project Team. HIV status and union dissolution in sub-Saharan Africa: the case of Rakai, Uganda. Demography. 2004 Aug;41(3):465-82.
• Kiwanuka N, Robb M, Kigozi G, Birx D, Philips J, Wabwire-Mangen F, Wawer MJ, Nalugoda F, Sewankambo NK, Serwadda D, Gray RH. Knowledge About Vaccines and Willingness to Participate in Preventive HIV Vaccine Trials: A Population-Based Study, Rakai, Uganda. J. Acquir. Immune Defic Syndr. 2004 Jun 1; 36 (2):721-725.
• Thoma M, Gray RH, Kiwanuka N, Serwadda D, Wawer M. Unsafe injections and transmission of HIV-1 in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet. 2004 May 15 ; 363(9421): 1650-1.
• Gray RH, Li X, Wawer MJ, Serwadda D, Sewankambo NK, Wabwire-Mangen F, Lutalo T, Kiwanuka N, Kigozi G, Nalugoda F, Meehan MP, Robb M, Quinn TC. Determinants of HIV-1 load in subjects with early and later HIV infections, in a general-population cohort of Rakai, Uganda. J Infect Dis. 2004 Apr 1;189(7):1209-15.
• Koenig MA, Lutalo T, Zhao F, Nalugoda F, Kiwanuka N, Wabwire-Mangen F, Kigozi G, Sewankambo N, Wagman J, Serwadda D, Wawer M, Gray R. Coercive sex in rural Uganda: prevalence and associated risk factors. Soc Sci Med. 2004 Feb;58(4):787-98.
• Nalugoda F, Gray RH, Serwadda D, Sewankambo NK, Wabwire-Mangen F,Kiwanuka N, Lutalo T, Kigozi G, Li C, Makumbi F, Kiddugavu M, Paxton L, Zawedde S, Wawer M. Burden of infection among heads and non-head of rural households in Rakai, Uganda. AIDS Care. 2004 Jan; 16(1):107-15.
• Mast TC, Kigozi G, Wabwire-Mangen F, Black R, Sewankambo N, Serwadda D, GrayR, Wawer M, Wu AW. Measuring quality of life among HIV-infected women using a culturally adapted questionnaire in Rakai district, Uganda. AIDS Care. 2004 Jan; 16(1):81-94.
• Kiwanuka N, Gray RH, Serwadda D, Li X, Sewankambo NK, Kigozi G, Lutalo T, Nalugoda F, Wawer MJ. The incidence of HIV-1 associated with injections and transfusions in a prospective cohort, Rakai, Uganda. AIDS. 2004 Jan 23;18(2):342-4.
• Orroth KK, Korenromp EL, White RG, Gavyole A, Gray RH, Muhangi L, Sewankambo NK, Quigley M, Wawer MJ, Whitworth JA, Grosskurth H, Habbema JD, Hayes RJ. Higher risk behaviour and rates of sexually transmitted diseases in Mwanza compared to Uganda may help explain HIV prevention trial outcomes. AIDS. 2003 Dec 5; 17(18):2653-60.
• Kigozi G, Brahmbhatt H, Wabwire-Mangen F, Wawer MJ, Serwadda D, Sewankambo, Gray RH. Treatment of Trichomonas in pregnancy and adverse outcomes of pregnancy: Analysis of a randomized trila in Rakai, Uganda. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003 Nov 189(5): 1398-99.
• Serwadda D, Gray RH, Sewankambo NK, Wabwire-Mangen F, Chen MZ, Quinn TC, Lutalo T, Kiwanuka N, Kigozi G, Nalugoda F, Meehan MP, Ashley Morrow R, Wawer MJ. Human immunodeficiency virus acquisition associated with genital ulcer disease and herpes simplex virus type 2 infection: a nested case-control study in Rakai, Uganda. J Infect Dis. 2003 Nov 15;188(10):1492-7.
• Brahmbhatt H, Kigozi G, Wabwire-Mangen F, Serwadda D, Sewankambo N, Lutalo T, Wawer MJ, Abramowsky C, Sullivan D, Gray R. The effects of placental malaria on mother-to-child HIV transmission in Rakai, Uganda. AIDS. 2003 Nov 21;17(17):2539-41.
• Todd J, Carpenter L, Li X, Nakiyingi J, Gray R, Hayes R. The effects of alternative study designs on the power of community randomized trials: evidence from three studies of human immunodeficiency virus preventionin East Africa. Int J Epidemiol. 2003 Oct;32(5):755-62.
• Gray RH, Li X, Wawer MJ, Gange SJ, Serwadda D, Sewankambo NK, Moore R, Wabwire-Mangen F, Lutalo T, Quinn TC; Rakai Project Group. Stochastic simulation of the impact of antiretroviral therapy and HIV vaccines on HIV transmission; Rakai, Uganda. AIDS. 2003 Sep 5;17(13):1941-51.
• Kelly RJ, Gray RH, Sewankambo NK, Serwadda D, Wabwire-Mangen F, Lutalo T, Wawer MJ. Age differences in sexual partners and risk of HIV-1 infection in rural Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003 Apr 1;32(4):446-51.
• Brahmbhatt H, Gray RH. Child mortality associated with reasons for non-breastfeeding and weaning: is breastfeeding best for HIV-positive mothers? AIDS. 2003 Apr 11;17(6):879-85.
• Orroth KK, Korenromp EL, White RG, Changalucha J, de Vlas SJ, Gray RH, Hughes P, Kamali A, Ojwiya A, Serwadda D, Wawer MJ, Hayes RJ, Grosskurth H. Comparison of STD prevalences in the Mwanza, Rakai, and Masaka trial populations: the role of selection bias and diagnostic errors. Sex Transm Infect. 2003 Apr;79(2):98-105.
• Koenig MA, Lutalo T, Zhao F, Nalugoda F, Wabwire-Mangen F, Kiwanuka N, Wagman J, Serwadda D, Wawer M, Gray R. Domestic violence in rural Uganda: evidence from a community-based study. Bull World Health Organ. 2003;81(1):53-60. Epub 2003 Mar 11.
• Kiddugavu M, Makumbi F, Wawer MJ, Serwadda D, Sewankambo NK, Wabwire-Mangen F, Lutalo T, Meehan M, Xianbin, Gray RH; Rakai Project Study Group. Hormonal contraceptive use and HIV-1 infection in a population-based cohort in Rakai, Uganda. AIDS. 2003 Jan 24;17(2):233-40.

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